L' « approche terroir » : pour une démarche de recherche-formation-action

International audienceThe "Terroir approach": for research-trainingaction method. The sharing of knowledge between researchers and practitioners, and the training of local development actors, are important issues for the valuation of territorial resources and rural development. The concept of terroir, which is very traditional in France, but is also now extending internationally, in connection with the establishment of protected geographical indications, has undergone a didactic analysis, to study the role it could have on training projects. The current educational research demonstrates that, beyond the understanding of the concept of terroir, the value of using the concept resides in the establishment of a researchdevelopment training , called "terroir approach

Biomechanics of the human chorioamnion

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-115).The human fetal membrane, namely the chorioamnion, is the structural soft tissue retaining the amniotic fluid and the fetus during pregnancy. Its biomechanical integrity is crucial for maintaining a healthy gestation and a successful delivery. The premature rupture of the fetal membrane (PROM) can result in serious perinatal complications. Despite extensive research in this field, the mechanical and biochemical processes governing the membrane deformation and failure remain poorly understood. The aim of this study is to characterize the mechanical behavior of the chorioamnionic tissue along with its biochemical properties, through mechanical testing and biochemical analyses. In order to accomplish this goal, specific mechanical and biochemical testing protocols were developed. In vitro mechanical testing was performed on samples from seven patients under different uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions. Significant relaxation was noted under uniaxial loading while very limited creep was observed under biaxial loading. Biochemical measurements such as collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycan contents were also obtained. In addition, a microstructurally based constitutive model for the fetal membrane is proposed.(cont.) The model allows for nonlinear hyperelastic response at large deformation. We also propose a framework to capture the time-dependent response of the tissue. The model was implemented in a finite element formulation to allow three-dimensional simulations of membrane deformation.by Thibault Philippe Prévost.S.M

"Introduction" de l'ouvrage "De l'usage de l'art en politique"

Introduction de l'ouvrage "De l'usage de l'art en politique". L'usage de la pratique artistique dans une histoire culturelle du politique constitue un champ de recherche fécond que cet ouvrage se propose d'aborder. Les contributions envisagent la question dans l'Europe occidentale, du siècle des Lumières à la veille de la première guerre mondiale, c'est-à-dire pendant une longue période de bouleversements des systèmes et des représentations politiques. Acquisitions et dons d'œuvres d'art, construction d'une identité régionale ou nationale autour d'œuvres patrimoniales, représentation du pouvoir politique illustrent la variété des relations entre art et politique aux époques moderne et contemporaine. L'ouvrage ouvre une réflexion sur l'usage de l'art par le politique aujourd'hui

Chapitre 7 - Construction et déploiement de l’agronomie dans et par la formation

Les premiers chapitres de cet ouvrage ont fait davantage que le suggérer : les activités d’enseignement ont joué un rôle déterminant dans la construction progressive de l’agronomie. Cela s’est réalisé non seulement à travers une contribution majeure à l’établissement d’un corpus conceptuel et méthodologique, mais aussi grâce à l’appropriation de ce corpus par des professionnels, qui en retour a nourri la structuration de l’enseignement d’agronomie dans les différents systèmes de formation. L..

Apical invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by salmonella typhimurium requires villin to remodel the brush border actin cytoskeleton

Funding Information: We thank R. Friedman, C. Mulet and T. Pedron for technical help. We thank T. Marlovits for antibodies, H.D. Hardt and J. Galan for Salmonella strains, and D. Zhou and V. Koronakis for plasmids. We acknowledge France-BioImaging infrastructure supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR-10-INSB-04-01, «Investments for the future»). This work was supported by the ERC (P.S. Advanced Grant HOMEOEPITH, number 232798). P.J.S. is an HHMI senior foreign scholar. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Publisher Copyright: © 2015 Elsevier Inc.Salmonella invasion of intestinal epithelial cells requires extensive, though transient, actin modifications at the site of bacterial entry. The actin-modifying protein villin is present in the brush border where it participates in the constitution of microvilli and in epithelial restitution after damage through its actin-severing activity. We investigated a possible role for villin in Salmonella invasion. The absence of villin, which is normally located at the bacterial entry site, leads to a decrease in Salmonella invasion. Villin is necessary for early membrane-associated processes and for optimal ruffle assembly by balancing the steady-state level of actin. The severing activity of villin is important for Salmonella invasion in vivo. The bacterial phosphatase SptP tightly regulates villin phosphorylation, while the actin-binding effector SipA protects F-actin and counterbalances villin-severing activity. Thus, villin plays an important role in establishing the balance between actin polymerization and actin severing to facilitate the initial steps of Salmonella entry.publishersversionpublishe

Apical invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by salmonella typhimurium requires villin to remodel the brush border actin cytoskeleton

Funding Information: We thank R. Friedman, C. Mulet and T. Pedron for technical help. We thank T. Marlovits for antibodies, H.D. Hardt and J. Galan for Salmonella strains, and D. Zhou and V. Koronakis for plasmids. We acknowledge France-BioImaging infrastructure supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR-10-INSB-04-01, «Investments for the future»). This work was supported by the ERC (P.S. Advanced Grant HOMEOEPITH, number 232798). P.J.S. is an HHMI senior foreign scholar. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Publisher Copyright: © 2015 Elsevier Inc.Salmonella invasion of intestinal epithelial cells requires extensive, though transient, actin modifications at the site of bacterial entry. The actin-modifying protein villin is present in the brush border where it participates in the constitution of microvilli and in epithelial restitution after damage through its actin-severing activity. We investigated a possible role for villin in Salmonella invasion. The absence of villin, which is normally located at the bacterial entry site, leads to a decrease in Salmonella invasion. Villin is necessary for early membrane-associated processes and for optimal ruffle assembly by balancing the steady-state level of actin. The severing activity of villin is important for Salmonella invasion in vivo. The bacterial phosphatase SptP tightly regulates villin phosphorylation, while the actin-binding effector SipA protects F-actin and counterbalances villin-severing activity. Thus, villin plays an important role in establishing the balance between actin polymerization and actin severing to facilitate the initial steps of Salmonella entry.publishersversionpublishe

Remerciements

Nous remercions chaleureusement tous les auteurs de chapitres et d’encadrés, qui ont accepté de partager notre engagement dans ce projet et ont enrichi l’éventail d’expériences à partir duquel est construit cet ouvrage. Au-delà du cercle des auteurs, d’autres collègues ont nourri nos réflexions, ou apporté des matériaux précieux, aux différentes étapes de son élaboration. Avant le lancement de la rédaction de l’ouvrage, Pierre Cornu, André Gallais, Frédéric Goulet, Patrick Mayen, Éric Malézi..

Conclusion générale - L’agronomie, une construction à poursuivre

Aujourd’hui en France, l’agronomie est enseignée à des milliers d’élèves, d’étudiants ou de professionnels en activité. Pour un certain nombre d’entre eux, elle constitue la base de leur spécialisation de fin d’études et de leur compétence professionnelle. Le terme « agronomie » est utilisé pour spécifier de multiples profils de recrutement, au sein de secteurs d’emploi très variés (recherche, enseignement, développement, agrofourniture, industries agricoles et alimentaires, etc.) qui ont en..